Inclusive Pronouns: 各, 每, 任何

Chinese grammar · HSK 3 · 指示代词 · By Carson 木林森

每（měi）="每一个"，后面通常加量词+名词：每个人、每天、每次。常与"都"搭配：每个人都喜欢他。表示对实际存在的对象逐一列举，语气平常、口语化。

各 gè each 每 měi each 任何 rèn hé any 各位 gè wèi everybody

各（gè）="各个，强调群体中个体的不同"，语域比"每"更正式、书面。常见搭配：各位（对听众的礼貌称呼）、各种（各式各样）、各国（每个国家）。各强调被集体提及的对象各自独立、不同，常用于正式场合。

任何（rèn hé）="任何一个，不管是哪一个"，强调无一例外的包容性，常与"都"搭配，多用于条件句、否定句或强调句：任何人都可以来；任何问题都可以问。跟"每"不同：任何强调假设性、无限制的"any"，而每只是列举实际存在的对象。

量词提示： 每+量词+名词（每个/每次）；任何+名词，通常不需要量词（任何问题）；各多接量词或固定搭配（各位/各种/各国）。

Worked examples

Chinese	Pinyin	English	What it shows
每个学生都要交作业。	Měi ge xué sheng dōu yào jiāo zuò yè.	Every student has to hand in homework.	Minimal frame: 每+measure word+noun+都, the plain distributive pattern.
各位同学，请安静一下。	Gè wèi tóng xué, qǐng ān jìng yí xià.	Everyone (students), please be quiet.	各位 is a polite address to an audience — a more formal register than 每个人.
世界各国都有自己的文化。	Shì jiè gè guó dōu yǒu zì jǐ de wén huà.	Every country in the world has its own culture.	各国 emphasizes the distinctiveness among countries, a fixed formal collocation; contrast with the plainer 每个国家.
任何人都不能进这个房间。	Rèn hé rén dōu bù néng jìn zhè ge fáng jiān.	No one at all can enter this room.	任何+noun+都+negative expresses unconditional, rule-based exclusion, unlike 每's plain enumeration of existing members.

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