HSK 3 grammar
The 30 grammar points on the HSK 3 syllabus, in the order GraphChinese teaches them. Each one carries the pattern, worked examples with pinyin, and the topics it depends on.
HSK 3 · 30 points
- The 把 Construction 把字句 把 moves the object before the verb to emphasize what happens to it. Structure: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Result/Direction/Duration.
- Degree Adverbs: 比较, 更加, 相当, 极 程度副词 这四个副词都表示程度,但强度和语感不同。
- Degree Complements: Adj+得很/极了/死了 程度补语 Unlike 很 (which goes BEFORE an adjective: 很好), these degree complements go AFTER: Adjective + 得很/极了/死了.
- Directional Preposition: 朝, 向 方向介词 向 (xiàng) "toward" — the most versatile one: physical direction (向前走) AND abstract goals of communication (向他道歉、向老师请教、向大家学习). Structure: Subject + 向 + Target + Verb.
- Duration & Frequency Complements 时量补语与动量补语 时量补语 (duration) — how LONG an action lasted: V + 了/过 + Duration (+ 的 + Object). ✅ 我们等了半个小时。 With an object: ✅ 我等了半个小时的车。 or repeat the verb: ✅ 我等车等了半个小时。
- Emphasis: 是…的, 难道…吗, 一…也不 强调方法 不是…的:否定已发生动作的方式/时间/地点(是…的的否定形式)。 他不是坐飞机来的,是坐火车来的。(He didn't come by plane, [he] came by train.)
- Extended Comparison Patterns: A比B V得Adj 比较句扩展 HSK2学过 A比B+Adj(他比我高)。HSK3扩展:比较动作的结果,要加V得。
- Frequency Adverbs: 通常, 往往, 总是 频率副词 三个词都表示"经常发生",但确定性/语气不同。
- Inclusive Pronouns: 各, 每, 任何 指示代词 每(měi)="每一个",后面通常加量词+名词:每个人、每天、每次。常与"都"搭配:每个人都喜欢他。表示对实际存在的对象逐一列举,语气平常、口语化。
- Manner Adverbs: 互相, 尽量, 亲自 方式副词 互相 (hùxiāng) "each other" — plural subject + 互相 + verb (object usually dropped, since the action already goes both ways). 我们互相帮助。(We help each other.)
- Modal Stance Adverbs: 大概, 恐怕, 当然, 其实 情态语气副词 大概 (dàgài) "probably, roughly" — a neutral estimate, before the verb or a number. 他大概三十岁。(He's probably around thirty.)
- Modal Verbs: 敢 (dare) & 需要 (need) 能愿动词 敢(gǎn)="dare to",放在主要动词前面:主语+敢+动词(+宾语)。表示"尽管害怕或有风险,仍然有勇气做某事",常用否定式"不敢"。
- New Classifiers: 把, 双, 台, 张, 种, 辆 名量词 每个名词都要搭配固定的量词(不能用"一个"代替)。记住名词的形状/类别,量词自然就对了。
- Pivot Sentences: 叫/让/请+someone+V 兼语句 A pivot sentence: the OBJECT of the first verb is also the SUBJECT of the second verb. Structure: Subject1 + 叫/让/请/派 + Object1(=Subject2) + Verb2.
- Prefixes & Suffixes: 第-, 老-, 小-, -们, -子 前缀与后缀 这五个词缀很容易混淆,要分清位置和用法。
- Prepositions of Cause & Purpose: 由于, 因为, 为了 原因目的介词 因为...所以... — reason → result (review). 因为下雨,所以我们没去。
- Prepositions of Time & Place: 自从, 由, 从…起 时间处所介词 These three prepositions all relate to starting points but differ in nuance.
- Question Words as Non-Questions: 谁都, 什么都 疑问代词的任指和不定指用法 疑问词 + 都 = 泛指肯定(”每个/什么都”) 疑问词 + 也 = 泛指否定(配合否定动词)
- Result Complements: V+到/住/走 结果补语 到 (dào) "to, reaching" — the action reaches/achieves its target. 我找到钥匙了。(I found the key — the search reached success.) Also: 听到、看到、想到、收到.
- Scope Adverbs: 光, 仅, 就, 至少 范围副词 光/仅(仅仅)/就 都表示"只",但方向相同(划定上限),语气/语域不同;至少方向相反,划定下限。
- Separable Verb-Object Compounds 动宾式离合词 有些两个字的动词其实是"动词+宾语"结构(离合词),时态助词(了/过)、数量词、时段或修饰语要插入到两个语素中间,不能像普通双音节动词那样直接在后面加宾语。
- Time Adverbs: 本来, 才, 曾经, 从来, 立刻 时间副词 | 副词 | 意思 | 用法要点 | |------|------|----------| | 本来 běn lái | 原来(后来变了) | 本来想去,后来没去 | | 才 cái | 比预期晚/条件达成后才发生 | 他八点才到(比预期晚)| | 曾经 céng jīng | 曾经有过的经历,常带"过" | 我曾经去过北京 | | 从来 cóng lái | 一直如此(几乎总跟否定词"不/没"连用)| 他从来不迟到 | | 立刻…
- Topic-Comment & Subject-Predicate Predicate 主谓谓语句 中文常把要谈的话题放在句首,后面用一个完整的"小主语+小谓语"来评论它。
- Passive Constructions: 被, 叫, 让 被动句 被 (bèi) — the standard passive marker. Structure: Patient + 被 + (Agent) + Verb + Complement. The agent may be omitted. ✅ 杯子被打破了。(The cup got broken — agent unknown/unimportant.)
- Complex Sentences: 不仅…还…, 只有…才…, 虽然…但是… 复句 1. 不仅…还… (bù jǐn … hái …) — Not only … but also … Structure: Subject + 不仅 + Clause1 + 还 + Clause2 ✅ 他不仅会说英语,还会说法语。(He not only speaks English but also French.)
- Compound Directional Complements 复合趋向补语 Compound directional complements show direction of movement relative to the speaker.
- Conditional & Purpose Clauses: 要是…就, 为了… 假设与目的复句 1. 要是…就… (yào shi … jiù …) — If … then … Structure: 要是 + Condition + Subject + 就 + Result ✅ 要是明天下雨,我们就不去爬山了。(If it rains tomorrow, we won't go hiking.)
- Potential Complements: V+得/不+V/Adj 可能补语 Insert 得 (can) or 不 (cannot) between a verb and its result/direction complement to show whether the result CAN be achieved.
- Repetition & Serial Verb Patterns 重动词与数量重叠 量词重叠 (M+M) 表示"每一个":个个、件件、天天、年年。 他天天练习汉语。(He practices Chinese every day.)
- Verbal Phrases as Subject, Object & Modifier 动词短语作主语、宾语和定语 1. 作主语:动词(短语)可以直接做主语,像名词一样。 学习汉语很有意思。(Learning Chinese is interesting.)
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