Prefixes & Suffixes: 第-, 老-, 小-, -们, -子
这五个词缀很容易混淆,要分清位置和用法。
第-(序数前缀):第+数字,把基数词变成序数词。第一、第二、第三种。只能加在数字前面。
老-(熟人对年长者的亲切称呼):老+姓,用于熟人之间对年纪较大者的称呼。老王、老张。注意:"老师"是一个独立的固定词(teacher),跟"老王"的"老"不是同一种用法。
小-(熟人对年轻者的亲切称呼):小+姓,用于对年纪较小的熟人的称呼。小李、小刘。
-们(复数后缀):只加在代词或指人的名词后面。我们、你们、同学们、朋友们。不能加在无生命的名词后面(❌书们)。
-子(构词后缀):加在词根后构成名词,本身通常无独立意义。桌子、椅子、瓶子、帽子、孩子。
Worked examples
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | What it shows |
|---|---|---|---|
| 这是我第一次去奶奶家。 | Zhè shì wǒ dì yī cì qù nǎi nai jiā. | This is the first time I'm going to grandma's house. | 第一次:第+数字把基数词变成序数词,最基本的框架。 |
| 老王比我大五岁,是我的好朋友。 | Lǎo Wáng bǐ wǒ dà wǔ suì, shì wǒ de hǎo péng you. | Lao Wang is five years older than me; he's my good friend. | 老+姓:熟人间对年长朋友的亲切称呼,非正式语域。 |
| 小刘是我们班最年轻的学生,同学们都叫他小刘。 | Xiǎo Liú shì wǒ men bān zuì nián qīng de xué sheng, tóng xué men dōu jiào tā Xiǎo Liú. | Xiao Liu is the youngest student in our class; classmates all call him Xiao Liu. | 小+姓,与老+姓相对,用于较年轻的熟人;同时首次出现-们,加在"同学"这种指人名词后表复数。 |
| 老师们和同学们都参加了今天的活动。 | Lǎo shī men hé tóng xué men dōu cān jiā le jīn tiān de huó dòng. | Both the teachers and the classmates took part in today's activity. | -们分别加在"老师"和"同学"后表复数;注意"老师"本身是固定词,其中的"老"不是例2里的称呼前缀。 |
| 妹妹把新买的帽子放在桌子上。 | Mèi mei bǎ xīn mǎi de mào zi fàng zài zhuō zi shàng. | My younger sister put the newly bought hat on the table. | -子构成名词"帽子""桌子",本身无独立意义;这类无生命名词不能加-们(❌帽子们)。 |
What you need first
Every topic in GraphChinese names its own prerequisites, and these are the grammar points this one is built on. If a sentence here will not parse, one of them is why.
What this opens up
These patterns list Prefixes & Suffixes among their own prerequisites, so they become readable once this one holds.
Prefixes & Suffixes is one topic of 829. GraphChinese teaches them in prerequisite order, so this pattern reaches you on the day everything it rests on is proven. The whole course, HSK 0 through HSK 6, is $49 once for lifetime access.
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