Prefixes & Suffixes: 第-, 老-, 小-, -们, -子

Chinese grammar · HSK 3 · 前缀与后缀 · By Carson 木林森

这五个词缀很容易混淆,要分清位置和用法。

(prefix indicating ordinal number, as in 六… lǎo prefix used before the surname of a person… xiǎo small men plural marker for pronouns, and nouns refer… zi son

第-(序数前缀):第+数字,把基数词变成序数词。第一、第二、第三种。只能加在数字前面。

老-(熟人对年长者的亲切称呼):老+姓,用于熟人之间对年纪较大者的称呼。老王、老张。注意:"老师"是一个独立的固定词(teacher),跟"老王"的"老"不是同一种用法。

小-(熟人对年轻者的亲切称呼):小+姓,用于对年纪较小的熟人的称呼。小李、小刘。

-们(复数后缀):只加在代词或指人的名词后面。我们、你们、同学们、朋友们。不能加在无生命的名词后面(❌书们)。

-子(构词后缀):加在词根后构成名词,本身通常无独立意义。桌子、椅子、瓶子、帽子、孩子。

Worked examples

ChinesePinyinEnglishWhat it shows
这是我第一次去奶奶家。 Zhè shì wǒ dì yī cì qù nǎi nai jiā. This is the first time I'm going to grandma's house. 第一次:第+数字把基数词变成序数词,最基本的框架。
老王比我大五岁,是我的好朋友。 Lǎo Wáng bǐ wǒ dà wǔ suì, shì wǒ de hǎo péng you. Lao Wang is five years older than me; he's my good friend. 老+姓:熟人间对年长朋友的亲切称呼,非正式语域。
小刘是我们班最年轻的学生,同学们都叫他小刘。 Xiǎo Liú shì wǒ men bān zuì nián qīng de xué sheng, tóng xué men dōu jiào tā Xiǎo Liú. Xiao Liu is the youngest student in our class; classmates all call him Xiao Liu. 小+姓,与老+姓相对,用于较年轻的熟人;同时首次出现-们,加在"同学"这种指人名词后表复数。
老师们和同学们都参加了今天的活动。 Lǎo shī men hé tóng xué men dōu cān jiā le jīn tiān de huó dòng. Both the teachers and the classmates took part in today's activity. -们分别加在"老师"和"同学"后表复数;注意"老师"本身是固定词,其中的"老"不是例2里的称呼前缀。
妹妹把新买的帽子放在桌子上。 Mèi mei bǎ xīn mǎi de mào zi fàng zài zhuō zi shàng. My younger sister put the newly bought hat on the table. -子构成名词"帽子""桌子",本身无独立意义;这类无生命名词不能加-们(❌帽子们)。

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