HSK 5 grammar
The 27 grammar points on the HSK 5 syllabus, in the order GraphChinese teaches them. Each one carries the pattern, worked examples with pinyin, and the topics it depends on.
HSK 5 · 27 points
- Agent Prepositions: 将、由 引出施受介词 将 (jiāng) = 书面语中'把'的正式说法，用于处置结构：将 + 宾语 + 动词 + 结果，多见于公文、通知、新闻。 ✅ 请将您的意见写在这张表格上。(=把意见写在表格上，但更正式)
- 把-Sentences & Notional Passive 把字句与意念被动句 Chinese often expresses passive meaning without 被 — this is 意念被动句 (notional passive): the patient becomes the subject, and the passive sense is understood from context, with no marker.
- Comparison Sentences: 跟…相比 比较句 跟…相比 = 'compared with…', introduces the baseline for a comparison at the start of a sentence: 跟去年相比，今年的销量增加了很多。(Compared to last year, this year's sales increased a lot.)
- Degree Adverbs: 过于、尤其、稍微 程度副词 | 副词 | 意思 | 用法要点 | |------|------|----------| | 过于 guò yú | too / excessively | 书面语，隐含'过头、带来负面结果'；常与反而/导致搭配 | | 尤其 yóu qí | especially | 从一组事物中挑出最突出的一个：喜欢A，尤其喜欢B | | 稍微 shāo wēi | slightly | 减弱程度，常与'一点/一些/有点'搭配 |
- Demonstratives & Measure Words 指示代词与量词 某 is an indefinite demonstrative-like pronoun: 'a certain / some (unspecified)'. It replaces a name/detail the speaker knows but doesn't state, or genuinely doesn't know.
- Directional Complements: Temporal Meaning 趋向补语表时间意义 V + 起来 = the action/state begins (inceptive). Works with verbs and adjectives: 天气突然冷起来了。(It suddenly turned cold.) If the verb has an object (like 下雨), the object is inserted between 起 and 来: 下起雨来了。(It started raining.)
- Fixed Frames: 从…来看、到…为止、在…看来 固定格式 Three fixed frames (固定格式) for stating a viewpoint or a boundary.
- Fixed Phrases: 不得了、用不着、得了 固定短语 不得了 (bù dé liǎo) = extremely — used as a degree complement after 得: Adj/V + 得 + 不得了 (an extreme/over-the-top degree). 高兴得不得了 = extremely happy.
- Frequency & Manner Adverbs: 偶尔、再次、偷偷 频率副词 | 副词 | 意思 | 用法要点 | |------|------|----------| | 偶尔 ǒu ěr | occasionally | 频率很低，常与'才/只是'搭配，强调'不常发生' | | 再次 zài cì | once again | 书面语，指未来/正式场合的'再一次'；比口语的'又/再'更正式 | | 偷偷 tōu tōu | secretly | 描述动作方式，强调'不让别人发现'，放在动词前 |
- Modal Adverbs: 毕竟、居然、明明、总算 语气副词 | 副词 | 意思 | 用法要点 | |------|------|----------| | 毕竟 bì jìng | after all | 引出一个不可忽视的根本原因，为前面的情况辩护/解释 | | 居然 jū rán | unexpectedly | 表示结果出乎意料，常与'没想到'呼应 | | 明明 míng míng | clearly, obviously | 强调事实明显，常与'却/但'搭配构成矛盾/转折 | |…
- Multiple Adverbials: Ordering Rules 多项状语的顺序 When a sentence has several adverbials before the verb, they follow a fixed order:
- Object Semantics: Existential & Affected Objects 宾语的语义类型 Not every post-verb noun plays the same role.
- Potential Complements: V+得/不得 可能补语 V + 不得 = 'must not V' — the action is dangerous, forbidden, or inappropriate. 这个东西有毒，吃不得。(This thing is poisonous — must not be eaten.)
- Preposition 随着 (along with, as) 介词 复习：随着 + NP的发展，结果句 (as X develops, Y happens) — 已经学过的基础结构。
- Reduplication Patterns: A来A去、A着A着 四字格 A来A去 — 动词重复，中间加'来…去'，表示来回反复做某事，常带'没有结果/没有进展'的语气：想来想去、说来说去、走来走去。 ✅ 他想来想去，还是决定辞职。
- Scope Adverb: 大都 范围副词 大都 (dà dōu) = 'mostly, for the most part'. It modifies a plural/collective subject, saying most (but not necessarily all) members share a trait.
- Serial Verb & Pivotal Constructions 连动句与兼语句 连动句 (serial verb construction): one subject, two or more verb phrases in sequence, describing consecutive or purposive actions. 他去图书馆借书。(He goes to the library to borrow books.) — same subject (他) does both.
- '有' Sentences: Existence & Attachment 有字句3 有着 = 'to have/possess' (an emphatic, more literary form of 有), used with abstract, enduring qualities — not concrete, countable objects. 这座城市有着悠久的历史。(This city has a long history.)
- Basis Prepositions: 凭、依据、依照 凭借介词 凭 (píng) = relying on / by virtue of — introduces a personal basis, qualification, or piece of evidence: 凭 + N(经验/感觉/证件/努力) + V. Often paired with 就 in a skeptical tone: 凭…就… (基于这么点依据就…, 'just based on this alone...').
- Clause Conjunctions: 从而、加上、完了、一旦 连接分句连词 从而 (cóng ér) = thus/thereby — connects a preceding method/action to the result it enables: A，从而B (by doing A, thereby achieving B). More formal than 因此, and emphasizes the causal mechanism, not just any result.
- Complex Sentences: Concession & Condition 复句 即使…也… = 'even if…still…' — hypothetical concession (the situation may not be true, but even if it were, the result still holds). 即使明天下雨，我们也要去爬山。(Even if it rains tomorrow, we'll still go hiking.)
- Degree & State Complements: 不得了、坏了、得+phrase 程度补语与状态补语 Adj/V + 得不得了 = extremely, to an extreme degree. 她激动得不得了。(She was extremely excited.)
- Discourse Cohesion: Anaphora & Ellipsis 句群 连续的句子说同一个人/事时，为避免啰嗦重复，中文常用两种衔接手段：
- Emphasis Patterns: 再也不、怎么都、X归X 强调方式 再也不/没…了 = 'never again' — emphasizes a firm, final change after an experience: 这些年来，他再也不相信别人的花言巧语了。(All these years, he has never again believed others' sweet talk.)
- Time Adverbs: 仍旧、时常、依旧、一向 时间副词 | 副词 | 意思 | 用法要点 | |------|------|----------| | 仍旧 réng jiù | still, as before | 强调动作/状态在变化或困难中继续，常与虽然/尽管搭配 | | 依旧 yī jiù | still, unchanged | 与仍旧近义，书面/抒情色彩更浓，常修饰景色、感情 | | 时常 shí cháng | often, frequently | 描述反复发生的动作，…
- Purpose & Consequence Clauses: 为的是、以便 目的与因果复句 为的是 = 'the purpose is…' — placed after the action, restating a general/personal goal: 他每天早起锻炼，为的是保持健康。(He gets up early to exercise every day — the goal is to stay healthy.)
- Multi-Clause Compound Sentences 二重复句 一个复句里，某个分句本身又是一个完整的复句，这就是二重复句（两层关联词嵌套）。
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